« Back
Advances in Anesthesia
Article in Press
Anesthetic Considerations for Nonobstetric Surgery During Pregnancy
References
- . Anesthesia for nonobstetric surgery in the pregnant patient. Semin Perinatol. 2002;26:136–145
- . Nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy: what are the risks of anesthesia?. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2004;59:52–56
- . Before we are born: basic embryology and birth defects. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1977;
- . Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Littleton (Massachusetts): Publishing Sciences Group; 1977;
- . Teratogenic activity of nitrous oxide. Nature. 1967;214:146–148
- Nitrous oxide is fetotoxic, xenon is not. Science. 1980;210:899–901
- Reproduction and fetal development in rats exposed to nitrous oxide. Teratology. 1984;30:2259–2265
- Reproduction and fetal development in mice chronically exposed to nitrous oxide. Teratology. 1982;26:11–16
- . The effects of nitrous oxide on the developing hamster embryos. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1977;24:361–370
- Reproduction and fetal development in mice chronically exposed to halothane. Anesthesiology. 1978;49:167–174
- Fetal morphology in mice exposed to halothane. Anesthesiology. 1979;51:532–537
- . The teratogenicity of halothane in the rat. Anesthesiology. 1968;29:1167–1173
- Reproductive and teratogenic studies with halothane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1976;35:467–474
- Reproductive and teratogenic effects of nitrous oxide, halothane, isoflurane and enflurane in Sprague-Dawley rats. Anesthesiology. 1986;64:339–344
- . Reproductive and fetal development in mice chronically exposed to enflurane. Anesthesiology. 1981;51:505–510
- Fetal development in mice exposed to isoflurane. Teratology. 1985;32:339–345
- Physician's desk reference. Montvale (NJ): Thomson Healthcare; 2005;
- In: Klasco RK editors. Drugdex system. Greenwood Village (Colorado): Thomson Micromedex; 2006;
- . Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of ketamine hydrochloride in rats. Ain Shavis Med J. 1975;27:459–463
- Product information. Diprivan. Wilmington (DE): AstraZeneca; 2000.
- . Congenital malformations of the central nervous system produced by narcotic analgesics in the hamster. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1975;123:705–713
- . Reproductive and teratogenic effects of fentanyl in Sprague-Dawley rats. Teratology. 1986;34:51–57
- . Involvement of GABA in palate morphogenesis and its relation to diazepam teratogenesis in two mouse strains. Teratology. 1983;1:15–22
- . Association between maternal intake of diazepam and oral clefts. Lancet. 1975;2:498
- . Association between cleft lip with or without cleft palate and prenatal exposure to diazepam. Lancet. 1975;2:478–480
- Antenatal exposure to meprobamate and chlorodiazepoxide in relation to malformations, mental development and childhood mortality. N Engl J Med. 1975;292:726–728
- In utero exposure to benzodiazepine. Is there a risk for anal atresia with lorazepam?. Encephale. 2003;29:553–559
- . Physiology of normal pregnancy. Crit Care Clin. 2004;20:609–615
- Central hemodynamic assessment of normal term pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:1439–1442
- Haemodynamic changes during the puerperium: a Doppler and M-mode echocardiographic study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987;94:1028–1039
- . Studies of the inferior vena cava in late pregnancy. BMJ. 1964;1:532–533
- . The mechanical effects of the gravid uterus in late pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1965;72:513–529
- . An evaluation of vasopressor therapy for maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1970;33:25–34
- . Effects of equipotent ephedrine metaraminol, mephenteramine and methoxamine on uterine blood flow in the pregnant ewe. Anesthesiology. 1974;40:354–370
- . Vasopressor therapy for hypotension due to epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1988;32:559–565
- . A quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials of ephedrine versus phenylephrine for the management of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:920–926
- Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology. 2002;97:1582–1590
- Randomized trial of bolus phenylephrine or ephedrine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76:62–65
- . Effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation on oxygen metabolism in the fetal lamb. Pediatr Res. 1999;45:432–436
- . Ephedrine, phenylephrine and fetal acidosis. Anaesthesia. 2005;60:1237–1238
- The electrocardiogram in normal pregnancy. Am Heart J. 1981;102:1075–1078
- . Innocent depression of the S-T segment and flattening of the T-wave during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1961;68:765–770
- . The significance of large Q in lead III of the electrocardiogram in pregnancy. Am Heart J. 1933;8:519
- . The aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs during obstetric anesthesia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1946;52:191–206
- . Ultrasound examination of the stomach contents of parturients. Anesth Analg. 1992;74:683–687
- Gastric emptying in hyperemesis gravidarum and non-dyspeptic pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13:237–243
- Peripartum changes in gastric emptying. Anaesthesia. 1992;47:196–198
- Noninvasive measurement of gastric emptying in obstetric patients. Anesth Analg. 1987;66:505–511
- . Gastric emptying during pregnancy and puerperium. Int J Obstet Anesth. 1993;2:216–224
- Opioid-induced delay in gastric emptying: a peripheral mechanism in humans. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:765–770
- Gastric emptying during lumbar extradural analgesia in labour: effect of fentanyl supplementation. Br J Anaesth. 1992;68:248–251
- . Narcotic analgesics and delayed gastric emptying during labour. Lancet. 1975;19:890–893
- . Gastroesphageal reflux disease during pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2003;32:235–261
- . The use of single dose of sodium citrate as a prophylaxis against acid aspiration syndrome in obstetric patients undergoing caesarean section. Med J Malaysia. 1991;46:349–355
- Efficacy of clear antacid prophylaxis in obstetrics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1984;28:301–304
- Antacid aspiration in rabbits: a comparison of Mylanta and Bicitra. Anesth Analg. 1982;61:288–292
- Antacid pulmonary aspiration in the dog. Anesthesiology. 1979;51:380–385
- . Acute histologic effects of simulated large-volume aspiration of sucralfate into the lungs of rats. Crit Care Med. 1990;18:524–528
- Pharmacologic prevention of Mendelson syndrome. A controlled clinical trial. Minerva Anestesiol. 1992;58:95–99
- . Cimetidine—antacid combination as premedication for elective caesarean section. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1983;30:593–597
- Effect of metoclopramide on gastric emptying before elective and emergency caesarean section. Br J Anaesth. 1984;56:1113–1116
- . The concentrations of ceftazidime and thiopental in maternal plasma, placental tissue and amniotic fluid in early pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1987;66:29–33
- . Placental transfer and tissue distribution of thiopental in the pregnant rat. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 1989;17:425–440
- Transplacental passage of ketamine after intravenous administration. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1977;21:41–44
- . Plasma etomidate levels in mother and fetus. Anaesth. 1991;46:716–718
- . Placental transfer and neonatal effects of propofol in caesarean section. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1998;23:19–23
- Intravenous propofol during cesarean section: placental transfer, concentrations in breast milk, and neonatal effects. A preliminary study. Anesthesiology. 1989;71:827–834
- Effects of propofol and thiopental on maternal and fetal cardiovascular and acid-base variables in the pregnant ewe. Anesthesiology. 1993;78:562–576
- . Comparison of propofol and thiopentone for induction of anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Anaesthesia. 1989;44:758–762
- Anaesthetic induction for caesarean section with etomidate compared with thiopentone. S Afr Med J. 1978;54:773–775
- A comparative study of propofol and thiopental as induction agents for elective caesarean section. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 1992;19:93–96
- Intravenous propofol vs. thiamylal-isoflurane for caesarean section, comparative maternal and neonatal effects. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1995;39:205–209
- . Ketamine as induction agent for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1982;26:139–142
- . Neonatal serum cortisol suppression by etomidate compared with thiopentone for elective caesarean section. Eur J Anaesth. 1988;5:171–176
- Decreased thiopental requirements in early pregnancy. Anesthesiology. 1997;86:73–78
- . Pharmacokinetics of thiopental in caesarian section. Acta Anaesth Scand. 1981;25:174–179
- Early pregnancy does not reduce the C50 of propofol for loss of consciousness. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:1565–1569
- Placental passage and uterine effects of fentanyl. Anesth Analg. 1983;62:894–898
- Fetal response to maternally administered morphine. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:424–430
- Prolonged morphine exposure in utero causes fetal and placental vasoconstriction: s case report. J Mat Fet Neonatal Med. 2005;17:417–421
- . Cardiovascular and endocrine responses to cutaneous electrical stimulation after fentanyl in the ovine fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:836–842
- . Harmful effects of fentanyl on the fetus and placenta?. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193:303–304
- . Effect of direct fetal opioids analgesia on fetal hormonal and hemodynamic stress response to intrauterine needling. Anesthesiology. 2001;95:828–835
- Physiological, hormonal and behavioral responses to a single fentanyl dose in intubated and ventilated preterm neonates. J Pediatr. 1998;132:954–959
- . Airway problems in pregnancy. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:S259–S268
- Increase in Mallampati score during pregnancy. Br J Anaesth. 1995;74:638–642
- Relative risk analysis of factors associated with difficult intubation in obstetric anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1992;77:67–73
- . Normal cardiopulmonary physiology during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1996;39:3–16
- . Pulmonary complications of pregnancy. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25:299–310
- The variability of cardiopulmonary adaptation to pregnancy at rest and during exercise. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;99:1–40
- . Arterial oxygen tension during apnoea in parturient women. Br J Anaesth. 1974;46:358–360
- . Fetal oxygen consumption and PO2 during hypercapnia in pregnant sheep. J Dev Physiol. 1986;8:447–459
- . Nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy. In: Chestnut DH editors. Obstetric anesthesia principles and practice. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2004;p. 263
- . Contribution of the Bohr effect to the fall in fetal PO2 caused by maternal alkalosis. J Perinat Med. 1985;13:185–191
- Maternal hyperventilation as a possible cause of fetal tachycardia sub partu. A clinical and experimental study. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1984;17:270–275
- The effect of changes in maternal pH and PCO2 on the Po2 of fetal lambs. Anesthesiology. 1967;28:891–903
- . Pregnancy decreases the requirement for inhaled anesthetic agents. Anesthesiology. 1974;41:82–83
- Maternal and fetal responses to halothane in pregnant monkeys. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1975;19:154–158
- . Halothane as an anesthetic for fetal surgery. J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28:542–546
- . Maternal and fetal cardiovascular and acid-base changes during halothane and isoflurane anesthesia in the pregnant ewe. Anesthesiology. 1974;41:462–472
- Isoflurane potency and cardiovascular effects during short exposures in the foetal lamb. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1986;33:41–47
- Comparison of the maternal and neonatal effects of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 1983;62:516–520
- Desflurane: a new volatile anesthetic for cesarean section. Maternal and neonatal effects. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1995;39:723–726
- . Over half MAC sevoflurane in cesarean section. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88:914–920
- . Placental transfer of drugs administered to the mother. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1995;28:235–269
- Pharmacokinetics, placental transfer, and neonatal effects of vecuronium and pancuronium administered during cesarean section. Anesthesiology. 1984;60:569–574
- Pharmacokinetics, placental transfer and neonatal effects of vecuronium and pancuronium administered during cesarean section. Anesthesiology. 1984;60:569–574
- Pancuronium in caesarean section and its placental transfer. Br J Anaesth. 1980;52:531–536
- . Clinical pharmacokinetics of neuromuscular relaxants in pregnancy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1998;34:483
- . Transient respiratory depression of the newborn. Its occurrence after succinylcholine administration to the mother. Am J Dis Child. 1979;133:825–826
- . Placental transfer of succinylcholine causing transient respiratory depression in the newborn. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1989;17:202–204
- . Safety and risks of laparoscopy in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2002;14:375–379
- . Intraabdominal surgery during pregnancy. Am J Surg. 1989;158:567–569
- Pregnancy outcome following nonobstetric surgical intervention. Am J Surg. 2005;190:465–473
- Ninety-four appendectomies for suspected acute appendicitis during pregnancy. World J Surg. 2004;28:508–511
- Laparoscopy during pregnancy. Arch Surg. 1996;131:546–550
- Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy: a word of caution. Am J Surg. 1996;171:435–437
- Respiratory mechanics and arterial blood gases during and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Can J Anaesth. 1996;43:129–133
- Effects of pneumoperitoneum on intraoperative pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange during laparoscopic gastric bypass. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:64–71
- . Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum induces fetal acidosis in a pregnant ewe mode. Surg Endosc. 1995;9:272–279
- Intraabdominal carbon dioxide insufflation in the pregnant ewe. Anesthesiology. 1996;85:1395–1402
- Arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure difference during laparoscopic surgery in pregnancy. Anesthesiology. 2000;93:370–373
- Maternal insufflation during the second trimester equivalent produces hypercapnia, acidosis and prolonged hypoxia in fetal sheep. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:1332–1338
- Cardiopulmonary physiology and pathophysiology as a consequence of laparoscopic surgery. Chest. 1996;110:810–815
- . Hemodynamics during laparoscopic surgery in pregnancy. Anesth Analg. 2001;93:1570–1571
- . Gasless laparoscopic management of ovarian cysts during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2005;91:258–259
- . Gasless laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy. J Laparoendosc Surg. 1995;5:127–130
- . Laparoscopic surgery in pregnancy: long-term follow-up. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech. 2003;13:11–15
- . Guidelines for laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy. Surg Endosc. 1998;12:189–190
- . Laparoscopy for appendicitis and cholelithiasis during pregnancy: a new standard of care. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:237–241
- . Nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy. Med Clin North Am. 1979;63:1157–1163
- . The effect of nonobstetric operation during pregnancy. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993;177:371–376
- . Laparoscopic appendectomy in pregnancy. Surg Endosc. 1990;4:100–102
- Laparoscopic vs. open appendectomy. Prospective randomized study of outcomes. Arch Surg. 1997;132:708–711
- . Laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: results of a retrospective comparison in an Israeli hospital. Isr Med Assoc J. 2002;4:91–94
- . Laparoscopic vs. open surgery for suspected appendicitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;1:CD001546
- . Special problems in laparoscopic surgery. Previous abdominal surgery, obesity and pregnancy. Surg Clin North Am. 2000;80:1093–1110
- Is laparoscopic appendectomy safe in pregnant women?. Surg Endosc. 2001;15:377–379
- Appendectomy during early pregnancy: what is the preferred surgical approach?. Am Surg. 2005;71:809–812
- Laparoscopic appendectomy in pregnancy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2005;15:447–450
- . Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy: a case series and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surg. 1998;53:566–574
- Cholecystectomy during pregnancy without fetal loss. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1992;174:465–468
- . Cysts in pregnancy discovered by sonography. J Clin Ultrasound. 1986;14:509–512
- The role of ultrasonography in the detection and management of adnexal masses during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:703–707
- Adnexal masses in pregnancy: surgery compared with observation. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1098–1103
- Adnexal masses and pregnancy: a 12-year experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:358–362
- A retrospective survey of clinical, pathologic, and prognostic features of adnexal masses operated on during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2000;26:89–93
- Adnexal mass occurring with intrauterine pregnancy: report of fifty-four patients requiring laparotomy for definitive management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;158:10129–10134
- . Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses in pregnant women. J Reprod Med. 1999;44:97–100
- Atropine and glycopyrrolate: hemodynamic effects and placental transfer in the pregnant ewe. Anesth Analg. 1981;60:710–714
- . Comparative penetration of glycopyrrolate and atropine across the blood-brain and placental barriers in anesthetized dogs. Anesthesiology. 1978;48:339–344
- Fetal and maternal cardiovascular effects of atropine and glycopyrrolate. Anesth Analg. 1983;62:426–430
- . Neostigmine, atropine and glycopyrrolate: does neostigmine cross the placenta?. Anesthesiology. 1996;84:450–452
- . Pharmacology of anesthetics. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1981;24:517
- Trauma and pregnancy. Am J Perinatol. 1997;14:331–336
- . Fetal deaths related to maternal injury. JAMA. 2001;286:1863–1868
- Trauma in pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes. J Trauma. 1998;45:83–86
- . Management of general surgical problems in the pregnant patient. Am J Surg. 2004;187:170–180
- . Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring: research guidelines for interpretation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177:1385–1390
- . Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring. ACOG practice bulletin number 62. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2005;
- Fentanyl citrate analgesia during labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;161:202–206
- Influence of intravenous fentanyl on fetal biophysical parameters during labor. J Mat Fetal Med. 1996;5:89–92
- A comparison of the effects of epidural and meperidine analgesia during labor on fetal heart rate. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:333–337
- Fetal response to maternally administered morphine. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:424–430
- Comparison of the effects of meperidine and nalbuphine on intrapartum fetal heart rate tracings. Obstet Gynecol. 1995;86:441–445
- . Fetal heart rate changes associated with general anesthesia. Am J Perinatol. 1989;6:287–288
- . Effects of thiopental and propofol on heart rate variability during fentanyl-based induction of general anesthesia. Pharmacol Rep. 2005;57:128–134
- Unnecessary emergency Caesarean section due to silent CTG during anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2001;87:791–793
- . Are obstetrical personnel required for intraoperative fetal monitoring during nonobsteric surgery?. J Perinatol. 1999;19:124–126
- . Nonobstetric surgery in pregnancy. Committee opinion no. 284. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2003;
- . Breast cancer and pregnancy. Surg Clin North Am. 1999;79:1157–1169
- . Breast cancer and pregnancy. Ann Oncol. 2005;16f:1855–1860
- Pregnancy and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:768–774
- Neurosurgical interventions during pregnancy and the puerperium: clinical considerations and management. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2004;146:1287–1291
- . Craniotomy for suprasellar meningioma in a 28-week pregnant woman, without fetal heart rate monitoring. Can J Anesth. 2004;51:573–576
- . Posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position in a pregnant patient with cerebellopontine angle meningioma. Br J Anaesth. 1999;82:941–944
- Intraoperative fetal heart rate monitoring during emergency neurosurgery in a parturient. J Anesth. 2006;20:40–43
- General anesthesia for surgical repair of an intracranial aneurysm in pregnancy: effects on fetal heart rate. Am J Perinatol. 1993;10:183–186
- . Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1986;41:1–6
- . Cardiac surgery in special populations, part 2: women, pregnant patients, and Jehovah Witnesses. AACN Clin Issues. 1997;8:59–66
- Risk factors associated with cardiac surgery during pregnancy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:1605–1608
- Cariopulmonary bypass in pregnancy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;61:259–268
- Cardiac surgery during pregnancy: pulsatile or nonpulsatile perfusion?. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126:894–895
- . Renal disease in pregnancy. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2002;15:13–26
- . Physiology of normal pregnancy. Crit Care Clin. 2004;20:609–615
PII: S0737-6146(06)00002-5
doi: 10.1016/j.aan.2006.06.001
© 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
« Back
Advances in Anesthesia
Article in Press
