Most patients who undergo invasive procedures require some amount of sedation and
analgesia. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) describes sedation and
analgesia along a continuum of states according to the degree of purposeful movement
in response to increasing levels of stimulation (Table 1) [
[1]
].
Table 1Continuum of depth of sedation: definition of general anesthesia and levels of sedation/analgesia
| Minimal sedation (anxiolysis) | Moderate sedation/analgesia (conscious sedation) | Deep sedation/analgesia | General anesthesia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Responsiveness | Normal response to verbal stimulation | Purposeful response to verbal or tactile stimulation | Purposeful response after repeated or painful stimulation | Unarousable, even with painful stimulus |
| Airway | Unaffected | No intervention required | Intervention may be required | Intervention often required |
| Spontaneous ventilation | Unaffected | Adequate | May be inadequate | Frequently inadequate |
| Cardiovascular function | Unaffected | Usually maintained | Usually maintained | May be impaired |
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